# Code examples

## Initializing

First of all you have to initialise the gda library, i.e. to call the gda_init () function, for example:

    gda_init ();

After initializing you can work as usual or make &LIBGDA;

For example a basic program would look like:

    void
    do_stuff ()
    {
    	GdaConnection *connection;

            /* open a connection */
    	g_print ("CONNECTING\n");
    	connection = gda_connection_open_from_dsn ("calvaris", NULL,
                                                       GDA_CONNECTION_OPTIONS_READ_ONLY, NULL);
    	g_print ("CONNECTED\n");

            /* use the connection */
    	execute_some_queries (connection);

            /* close the connection */
            g_object_unref (G_OBJECT (connection));
    }

    int
    main (int argc, char **argv)
    {
    	g_print ("STARTING\n");

    	gda_init ();
          	do_stuff();

    	g_print("ENDING\n");
    }

## Connecting

&LIBGDA; allows data sources (DSN) to be defined and referred to by a unique name which contains all the required information to actually open a connection (except the name and password if they are required); see the Configuration section for more information about how to manage data sources. Of course it's still possible to open a connection without having defined a DSN, in which case a connection string is used to specify all the parameters required to open a connection. For more information about connection strings, see the gda_connection_open_from_string ()'s documentation.

Connections are opened using gda_connection_open_from_dsn () for connections which are defined as a data source (DSN), or or gda_connection_open_from_string () otherwise. Each connection object can then be used to actually execute queries, for example:

    void
    do_stuff () {
    	GdaConnection *connection;

            /* open a connection */
    	g_print ("CONNECTING\n");
    	connection = gda_connection_open_from_dsn ("calvaris", NULL,
                                                       GDA_CONNECTION_OPTIONS_READ_ONLY, NULL);
    	if (!connection) {
    		g_print ("CONNECTION FAILED\n");
    		return;
    	}
    	g_print ("CONNECTED\n");

            /* use the connection */
    	execute_some_queries (connection);

            /* close the connection */
            g_object_unref (G_OBJECT (connection));
    }

Closing the connection can be ordered using gda_connection_close (), or is automatically done when the connection object is destroyed (as is the case in the example above when g_object_unref() is called with the connection as argument).

## Executing queries

Any query within &LIBGDA; is represented as a GdaStatement object. Each GdaStatement object can store exactly one SQL statement (SQL statements are generally separated by semi-colons). Several statements can be grouped into a GdaBatch object.

&LIBGDA; can execute any SQL understood by the database to which a connection is opened, even SQL code containing extensions specific to a database.

When creating an SQL string which contains values (literals), one can be tempted (as it is the easiest solution) to create a string containing the values themselves, execute that statement and apply the same process the next time the same statement needs to be executed with different values. This approach has two major flaws outlined below which is why &LIBGDA; recommends using variables in statements (also known as parameters or place holders) and reusing the same GdaStatement object when only the variable's values change. The flaws are:

- The performances of the resulting application are not optimized because the database needs to parse the SQL string each time and build its own internal representation of the statement, execute the statement using its internal representation, then discard that internal representation. Using variables and reusing the same statement, the database only parses once the SQL statement, builds its internal representation, and reuses it every time the statement is executed.

- Literals in SQL strings are an open invitation to SQL injection problems. Using variables prevents SQL injection.

Because each database has its own way of representing variables in an SQL string, and because those ways of representing variables don't contain enough information (it is usually impossible to specify the expected type for a variable for example) &LIBGDA; has defined a standard way of defining them, and translates it into the syntax understood by the database when needed. For more information about that syntax, see the GdaSqlParser's object description.

GdaStatement objects can be created by:

- parsing SQL code using gda_sql_parser_parse_string () from a GdaSqlParser object.

- building a GdaSqlStatement structure and creating a GdaStatement object around that structure. This method requires more knowledge but is more portable across databases

Executing a statement is a matter of calling gda_connection_statement_execute () or one of its simplified versions if the nature of the statement (SELECT or not) is known.

The following example shows how to use a GdaStatement to list the details of some data while making a variable (named "the_id") vary from 0 to 9 (for simplicity, error checking has been removed):

    GdaConnection *cnc;
    GdaSqlParser *parser;
    GdaStatement *stmt;
    GdaSet *params;
    GdaHolder *p;
    GValue *value;
    gint i;

    cnc = ...;

    [...]

    stmt = gda_sql_parser_parse_string (parser, "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE id=##the_id::gint", NULL, NULL);
    gda_statement_get_parameters (stmt, &params, NULL);

    p = gda_set_get_holder (params, "the_id");
    value = gda_value_new (G_TYPE_INT);
    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    	GdaDataModel *res;
    	g_value_set_int (value, i);
    	gda_holder_set_value (p, value);
    	res = gda_connection_statement_execute_select (cnc, stmt, params, NULL);
    	gda_data_model_dump (res, stdout);
    	g_object_unref (res);
    }
    g_object_unref (params);
    g_object_unref (stmt);

## Managing data models

Each time a SELECT query is executed, it returns a GdaDataModel object, which contains methods to access the returned data. Note that GdaDataModel is in fact an interface and is implemented in very various ways depending on the database provider executing the query; however any GdaDataModel object is used the same way. Note that GdaDataModel objects are also generally used to represent an array of data where all the data in a column is of the same type.

Some data models can be modified, some can't and knowing the features of a specific data model instance can be done using the gda_data_model_get_access_flags () and gda_data_model_get_attributes_at () methods. Data models returned when SELECT queries are executed usually are not modifiable.

The value stored in each cell of a data model (at a (column, row) position) is a read-only GValue pointer. Accessing the data in a GdaDataModel can be done using two methods:

- in a random access way using gda_data_model_get_value_at () if the data model supports random access

- using a data model iterator as a cursor: a GdaDataModelIter object which is always supported by any data model.

### Example using random access

The following example displays the contents of a GdaDataModel using random access:

    void
    show_data_model (GdaDataModel *dm)
    {
              gint row_id;
              gint column_id;
              const GValue *value;

              for (column_id = 0; column_id < gda_data_model_get_n_columns (dm);
                   column_id++)
              g_print("%s\t", gda_data_model_get_column_title (dm, column_id));
              g_print("\n");

              for (row_id = 0; row_id < gda_data_model_get_n_rows (dm); row_id++) {
                        for (column_id = 0; column_id < gda_data_model_get_n_columns (dm);
                             column_id++) {
                                  char *str;

                                  value = gda_data_model_get_value_at (dm, column_id, row_id, NULL);
                                  str = gda_value_stringify (value);
                                  g_print ("%s\t", str);
                                  g_free (str);
                        }
                        g_print("\n");
              }
    }

### Example using an iterator

    void
    show_data_model (GdaDataModel *dm)
    {
              gint column_id;
              GdaDataModelIter *iter;

              for (column_id = 0; column_id < gda_data_model_get_n_columns (dm);
                   column_id++)
              g_print("%s\t", gda_data_model_get_column_title (dm, column_id));
              g_print("\n");

              iter = gda_data_model_create_iter (dm);
              gda_data_model_iter_move_next (iter);
              while (gda_data_model_iter_is_valid (iter)) {
                        GSList *list;
                        for (list = GDA_SET (iter)->holder; list; list = list->next) {
                                  str = gda_holder_get_value_str (GDA_HOLDER (list->data), NULL);
                                  g_print ("%s\t", str);
                                  g_free (str);
                        }
                        g_print("\n");
              }
              g_object_unref (iter);
    }

### Freeing data models

When you finish using data models you must free it, using g_object_unref ().

## Managing transactions

On any connection (as a GdaConnection object), if the database provider used by the connection supports it, transactions may be started, committed or rolledback, or savepoints added, removed or rolledback. These operations can be performed using Libgda's API (such as gda_connection_begin_transaction()), or directly using some SQL on the connection (usually a "BEGIN;" command).

The transaction status of any connection can be obtained using gda_connection_get_transaction_status (), which returns a GdaTransactionStatus's object which can be interrogated. That object also makes it easy to keep up with the evolution of the transaction status of the connection.

## Managing connection's events and errors

Each GdaConnection object maintains a list of events which occurred on the connection. Each event is stored as a GdaConnectionEvent object, and the possible event kinds are:

- GDA_CONNECTION_EVENT_NOTICE: for notices which are general purpose information

- GDA_CONNECTION_EVENT_WARNING: for warnings

- GDA_CONNECTION_EVENT_ERROR: for errors

- GDA_CONNECTION_EVENT_COMMAND: for SQL statements which have been executed

The list of events for a GdaConnection can be obtained using gda_connection_get_events(), the list of events can be manually cleared anytime using gda_connection_clear_events_list (), and is automatically cleared before any command or query is executed.

## Full example

The following example is a complete program which creates a `example_db.db` SQLite database in the current directory, creates a "products" table,add a few rows to it, and then displays its contents. The example uses an SQLite database as it does not require any server setup and can thus be run as-is. That example can be found in the `examples/SimpleExample/example.c`.

To compile it, run:

    cc -o example example.c `pkg-config --cflags --libs libgda-3.0`

The code is: and executing should output something like:

    > ./example
    ref   | name  | price
    ------+-------+---------
    p1    | chair | 2.000000
    p2    | table | 5.000000
    p3    | glass | 1.100000
    p1000 | ???   | NULL
    p1001 | ???   | NULL
    (5 rows)
    ref   | name    | price
    ------+---------+---------
    p1    | chair   | 2.000000
    p2    | table   | 5.000000
    p3    | glass   | 1.100000
    p1000 | flowers | 1.990000
    p1001 | ???     | NULL
    (5 rows)
    ref   | name    | price
    ------+---------+---------
    p1    | chair   | 2.000000
    p3    | glass   | 1.100000
    p1000 | flowers | 1.990000
    (3 rows)

## DDL example

The following example illustrates (in a very simple way) how to use the GdaServerOperation object to perform a CREATE TABLE query. For more information about how &LIBGDA; handles DDL queries, see the DDL introduction. The following code simply executes the equivalent of "CREATE TABLE products (id int PRIMARY KEY, product_name string NOT NULL);" in a generic way, where the "id" field is the primary key and should be auto incremented (the SQL is generally specific to each DBMS for that last part).

For SQLite, the actual executed SQL statement is:

    	CREATE TABLE products (id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, product_name varchar(50) NOT NULL);

whereas for MySQL, the code would be:

    	CREATE TABLE products (id integer AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, product_name varchar(50) NOT NULL) ENGINE=InnoDB;

The code is:

    void
    create_table (GdaConnection *cnc)
    {
    	GError *error = NULL;
    	GdaServerProvider *provider;
    	GdaServerOperation *op;
    	gint i;

    	/* create a new GdaServerOperation object */
    	provider = gda_connection_get_provider (cnc);
    	op = gda_server_provider_create_operation (provider, cnc, GDA_SERVER_OPERATION_CREATE_TABLE, NULL, &error);
    	if (!op) {
    		g_print ("CREATE TABLE operation is not supported by the provider: %s\n",
    			 error && error->message ? error->message : "No detail");
    		exit (1);
    	}

    	/* Set parameter's values */
    	/* table name */
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "products", &error, "/TABLE_DEF_P/TABLE_NAME")) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "InnoDB", &error, "/TABLE_OPTIONS_P/TABLE_ENGINE")) goto on_set_error;

    	/* "id' field */
    	i = 0;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "id", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_NAME/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "integer", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_TYPE/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "TRUE", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_AUTOINC/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "TRUE", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_PKEY/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;

    	/* 'product_name' field */
    	i++;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "product_name", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_NAME/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "varchar", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_TYPE/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "50", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_SIZE/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;
    	if (!gda_server_operation_set_value_at (op, "TRUE", &error, "/FIELDS_A/@COLUMN_NNUL/%d", i)) goto on_set_error;

    	/* Actually execute the operation */
    	if (! gda_server_provider_perform_operation (provider, cnc, op, &error)) {
    		g_print ("Error executing the operation: %s\n",
    			 error && error->message ? error->message : "No detail");
    		exit (1);
    	}
    	g_object_unref (op);
    	return;

     on_set_error:
    	g_print ("Error setting value in GdaSererOperation: %s\n",
    		 error && error->message ? error->message : "No detail");
    	exit (1);
    }

## Binary large objects (BLOBs) example

The following example is available in the `examples/Blobs` source directory and illustrate how to manipulate BLOBs. This test program offers 2 operations which are to store the contents of a file to the database (which returns the ID of the stored data), and to fetch a stored data from the database from its ID (which creates a fetched_<ID> file).

The code is:

## Other examples

There are other sources of examples in &LIBGDA;'s source code:

- in the `examples/` directory with complete examples

- in the `tools/` directory where &LIBGDA;'s tools exist and are also a good starting point

Finally this documentation includes a HOWTO for common tasks with more code.