Update the Docker images used for CI
A rework of our CI/Docker builds:
- Use different Docker images for different jobs
- Add Clang and Clang-analyzer to the Fedora job
- Rebase the Fedora image on Fedora 29
- Add a Debian stable job
- Split the Android NDK and MinGW dependencies into their own Docker images
- Improve the script we use to build and run the Docker images locally